12:1 them. This pronoun apparently refers to the chief priests and scribes since it agrees with “they” in v. 12 (those who look for a way to arrest Him). This parable was also a provocation (11:18 note).

parables. See notes 4:2, 11. Although it is incorrect to seek a special, symbolic meaning for every detail of the parable, the essential point is clear.

vineyard. The parable is based on the “Song of the Vineyard” (Is. 5:1–5), which pictures Israel and her unfaithfulness.