13:10 stars . . . moon. These are figures for God’s cosmic judgment (24:23; Joel 2:10, 31; Rev. 6:12–14).

light. See note 2:5. The ancients worshiped the heavenly bodies, but Scripture teaches that God is the Creator of them all (Deut. 4:19). Darkness symbolizes judgment. The imagery is also used for the final destruction of the world (34:3).