3:19 because of transgressions. Probably in order to define sin specifically as sin against God’s explicitly stated will, and so to make sin that much worse (Rom. 5:13, 20).

offspring. In Gen. 17:19 God promises Abraham a son, Isaac, and says that He will establish a covenant with Isaac and his “offspring.” Paul regards this use of a singular noun as a pointer to Jesus who healed the broken covenant between God and His chosen people.

through angels. See Deut. 33:2; Acts 7:53; Heb. 2:2.