WALL. This word is the tr. of several Heb. and Gr. words. That for field or vineyard is sometimes גָּדֵר, H1555, (Isa 5:5) or שׁוּר֙, H8803, (2 Sam 22:30), while the most frequent word is חﯴמָה, H2570, city or building. House walls were usually made of mud brick set on rubble stone base courses, with walls of rubble stone occasionally set in mud mortar. City walls in early times were built vertically without any outer glacis for protection; down to the beginning of Iron Age II they were casemate type walls and later they were solid and thick to resist the Assyrian battering rams. Thicknesses varied between three and five meters with projecting bastions. The latter were crowned with overhangs to ward off attackers, and crenelations to protect archers.