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11 the second row agate, sapphire, and emerald; 12 the third row beryl, jasper, and ruby; 13 and the fourth row topaz, onyx, and turquoise.[a] The stones were mounted in gold settings.

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Footnotes

  1. Exodus 39:13 The specific identification of these gems is uncertain, and translations vary widely. The translation uses names of recognizable modern gemstones, even if they might not have the same mineral makeup as the ancient stones. The Jewish commentator Ibn Ezra writes, “We have no way to identify what they are, having no tradition to rely on.”